Africa

__**Essential Questions:**__
People might not agree with how the new way of running the government is run. -everyone has their own views on things The development of nationalism impacts people, nations, and empires because it unites the people in a nation. -they think other countries are inferior to them Political relationships can affect economic relationships based on what a country's allies or how they run the government. -if countries don't have good relationships with each other they might not trade and then might not get the necessary goods they need As a nation, nationalism, patriotism, and history are all factors that unite people as a nation. -tragedies -culture -holidays (memorial day, labor day) -language -common view points (ex. freedom of speech)
 * 1. How can political change cause conflict?**
 * 2. How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * 3. How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * 4. What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**

**Comments on Africa from Video:**
-China a thriving empire -British found something China did want, Opium -Chinese threw Opium into the sea which started the Opium War -Treaty of Nanjing, British got Hong Cong -Scramble for Africa: Africa had an abundance of natural resources (cotton, oil) that Britain wanted -Growing industrial economies -Africans weren't affected by small pox because it was always around -the horses would die of diseases so it was hard for the British to take things inland -it was hard for Britain to take over Africa because it was too dangerous for them to move inland and to fight -Even thought British wanted to colonize Africa they couldn't because of all of the diseases that were there, they needed to make more technological advances -lot of fighting and dying -most of Africa and much of Asia was colonized by Europe -the Europeans used other people to rule their colonies -military could always rely on their military strength to control the other countries -the alternative to not going along with Britain was not good -Africans could successfully resist Britain -Europeans depended on intermediary governments, it was better for Africa to let themselves be colonized by Europe -Imperialism brought wealth and power to Europeans -the purpose of this conquest was to make money for the Europeans -British had powerful armies but he Africans didn't -slavery added to inter tribal warfare -wanted access to natural resources like rubber and petroleum oil -Britain France and Germany rushed to make claims to the land -only Liberia and Ethiopia weren't colonized -Europeans thought they were at the top of the chain and the Africans were at the bottom

**Africa Map:**
[|Map Questions]

**Analysis of Quote:**
** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. ** ** By Karl Liebknecht **

This quote is saying that imperialism is something that is taking over the world, and that militarism is something that just causes a lot of death. -maxim gun let off 600 bullets a minute, British fighting with maxim guns and Africans fighting with spears -greedy and only care about them selves, taking all of their things and taking some for slaves

**Scramble for Africa:**
[|Mark Up]

**Picture Detective:**


Why do the Asians seem happier than the Africans? Why does Uncle Sam have a red cross patch on his arm? -Uncle Sam carrying a basket of Cubans (American Imperialism) -A British man carrying a basket of Asians and African (European Imperialism) -walking up a rocky mountain with engravings of vice, ignorance, oppression, slavery, inequality etc. -they are walking up a mountain towards a gold statue labeled civilization -Africans seem mad -Asians are smiling I think that the message of this political cartoon is to show that the Europeans and Americans want to help the Asians and Africans by leading them up the path towards civilization by colonizing them and leading them. -the Europeans and Americans are trying to take the other nations to civilization but it is a hard task
 * Ask a question:** Why is a British man and Uncle Sam (an American) carrying baskets of Asians and Africans up a mountain to "civilization"?
 * What do you see:**
 * What is the message:**

**The New Imperialism pg. 359**
[|table]

**White Man's Burden:**
[|text] The White Man's Burden was that they held the responsibility/duty to civilize other nations and the whole world. They would gain power and respect as a reward, and also a reward from heaven because it was a good deed being done. This poem was written for the United States to encourage them to start taking control of other "less fit" nations. The audiences response was positive and excited to take part in imperialism. The anti imperialists weren't so happy with this idea. -"Send forth the best ye breed" This line is saying that the white people are superior to all of the other races and that they are the ones who need to take charge and civilize the other nations who are "less fit".
 * 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”?**
 * 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”?**
 * 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it?**
 * 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why?**

**Berlin Conference:**
[|markup] 1. Competition- all of the nations who were trying to get more land were competitive with each other because they believed that with the more land they took, the more power and respect that they would gain from the other countries. 2. Power 3. Africa 4. Divisions 5. Agreement
 * Five Words to Describe Berlin Conference:**

**Black Man's Burden:**
[|text] The people who wrote the Black Man's Burden are trying to say that they are going to fight back and try to protect themselves and their land if the white nations try to take over their land. They aren't going to stand by and let them come easily. Also, they are saying that the white people should be the ones who need to be defending their own land with all of the enemies they are making.
 * Message:**

__**Document 1:**__
"Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975
 * Questions to consider: **

The author is a an Ethiopian emperor and events that might have caused her to say this might have been the imperialism of Africa by the European nations, when they colonized Africa. Ethiopia was the only region that was never colonized by Europe, so she is saying that they could have helped the other regions who were in need to stop the Europeans and save more land that was taken over instead of not doing anything. This quote relates to the Imperialism of Africa because the author is saying that if other nations would have come together, they could have stopped the imperialism and taken down Europe.
 * **What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does? **
 * **Why might the author be making this statement? **
 * **How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain. **

__**Document 2:**__
"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885) Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world. The author of this speech is Jules Ferry, the prime minister of France from 1880-1881 and from 1883-1885. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jules Ferry is saying here that the Europeans are are more "fit" to have power and that they have the responsibility to fulfill the White Man's Burden by helping to civilize the nations who are "less fit". <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The purpose of this speech is for Jules Ferry to tell the people of France that they need to work towards expanding the empire by colonizing other nations. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This speech tells me that during this time the Europeans were very focused on expanding their empire and they wanted to gain and claim as much control over Africa as they could in order to better their country by gaining access to their natural resources without thinking about/caring about how it would affect those other people who they deemed "less fit".
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint? **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint? **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech? **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time? **

__**Document 3:**__
"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982. Artists: Linley Sambourne



This political cartoon was published in London Charivari on December 10, 1982. The title of the picture says "from Capetown to Cario", and the picture is showing one man covering the expanse of the land. This might mean that that articular country has control of that region. This political cartoon is depicting Cecil Rhodes, and British colonialist. The illustrator is trying to show the Scramble for Africa and also just colonization in general.
 * ** Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias? **
 * ** What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo) **
 * ** Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see? **
 * ** What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim? **

__** Document 4: **__
[|markup] The author of this passage is a black man that was in one of the regions that was being colonized by the Europeans. These groups (Boers, Harry, Smith) are white people who are trying to take over/claim land from the Africans. I think it was effective because this person tells Moshweshewe what is going on and all of the things the Europeans are doing.
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

__**Document 5:**__
**Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.

The people of southern Africa were treated like slaves by the people of Europe (the white people). When the Africans were trying to rebel they were unsuccessful because the Europeans had such advanced technology that they didn't stand a chance.
 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**
 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**

__**Document 6:**__
**Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.**

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice

The author of this source is an African chief and he is talking about a battle that he was in with the British and how the white people are cruel and wicked for what they did to the Africans. Based on the evidence from this text we can tell that the Europeans were much more advanced and maybe prepared for this battle compared to the Africans. The chief believes that the British are cruel and wicked for treating the Africans how they are treating them.
 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**

__**Document 7:**__
**Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.

The German officer is saying that the Africans believed that they drank this that they would become stronger, maybe this was what they looked to for hope to stop the British from attacking and taking over their land. They were probably looking for something that would give them hope and strength to fight back.
 * ** What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim **
 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**

__**Document 8**:__
Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.

The man in this photograph is Theodore Roosevelt, he is hunting elephants in Africa. This may be showing from the African perspective that whites are cruel and hurtful. This might show that white people didn't have very much concern with what went on or what they did in Africa at the time.
 * **Describe the person and objects in this photo.**
 * **What is the purpose of the photograph?**
 * **What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?**

[[image:mastromaurowh/African exports.PNG width="502" height="393" caption="African exports.PNG"]]
Fabrics, soap and candles, food processing, waterproof clothes, tires, electrical insulation, food products, coins, metal alloys, electrical wiring, ammonium fuel rope and twine, jewelry, industrial cutting tools. I think that Britain had the most valuable colonies because they gained the most resources to use in their industries. This document shows how the Europeans used what they gained from claiming the African lands.
 * **What European industr****ies benefited from African resources?**
 * **Which E****uropean country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?**
 * **How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?**

__**Document 10**:__
"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962

The Africans are saying that years of being treated this way by the Europeans and having their land taken has caused them to be "branded as irresponsible" and also has caused them to feel that they are "lacking self-confidence".
 * ** In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism? **

__**Open Response:**__
Based on your analysis of the documents and images above, **analyze the social and economic effects of European Imperialism or colonization of Africa and the African response to imperialism**


 * While writing the open response:**
 * Ø Develop a relevant thesis and support that thesis with evidence from the documents
 * Ø Use all the documents
 * Ø Take into account the source of the documents and analyze the author’s point of view
 * Ø Be sure to include relevant historical information that you have learned in this unit that may not have been mentioned in the documents

[|Open Response]